æ°ä»ããã5æãçµããã§ããïŒ6æã«å ¥ããšãããããæ¢ éšãæ¬çªã§ããçéã®æ¢ éšã¯æ¬åœã«ããŒïŒã£ãšéšéããªã®ã§ãã«ããšã®éããå§ãŸããŸãã2幎åãããã«è¶ããŠããã°ããã®ãšãã¯ãäœãç¥ããã«æŒãå ¥ããéããã£ãŠãããšãããèŠäºã«è²ã ãªç©ãã«ãã ããã«ãªããŸãããçŸåšãæè²å®ç¿ã«åå ããŠãããå±±ãžè¡ãæ©äŒãç¡ãã£ãã®ã§ä»åã¯å¹³äºéèœã®æ§åããäŒãããŠãããŸãã5æåŸåãå¹³äºã§ã¯ç°æ€ããå§ãŸããŸããããã€ãŠã¯éèœäžã«æ£ç°ããã£ãããã§ãããçŸåšã¯éèœäžå¿éšã«æ®ãã®ã¿ã§ããäžåºŠãç 究æã®åºèãæããããã«ç°ããŒãåºãããŸããåšèŸºã®éèœãšæ¯ã¹ããšææãããé ãæ°ãããŸããäœãç¹æ®µã®äºæ ãããã®ãæ°ã«ãªã£ãŠèããŠã¿ãŸããããç¹ã«çç±ã¯ãªãæéã空ãããšãã«ãã£ãŠããã ããªã®ã ããã§ããæ£ç°ç¹æã®æªãã åºç»ã®ç°ããŒããå±±ééšãªãã§ã¯ã®å æ¯ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããããèŠãã ããªãçŸããå æ¯ã§ãããé ã®æ¹ã¯æ©æ¢°ãå ¥ããããæäœæ¥ã§é²ããªããã°ãªããªãããã蟲家ã®æ¹ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯èŠåŽã«èããªã圢ã®ããã§ããå€ã®ãããªæ¥å·®ãã®æ¥ãå€ãã£ãã®ã§ãçããæ©èµ·ãããŠã涌ãããã¡ã«äœæ¥ãé²ããŠããŸãããäžã®åçã¯ãæ°Žã匵ã£ãç°ããŒã®åããªã ããã«ããŠãããšããã§ãããã¡ããç°ããŒã«ã¯ã«ãšã«ããã£ãŠããŸããããã®ç°ããŒã¯åã®å®¶ã®è£ãªã®ã§ãæ¯æ©å¯ããšãã«èããŠããæ声ã¯ã圌ãã®å£°ãããããŸãããäœã®å°ããããã¯æ³åãã§ããªããããªå€§ããªå£°ã§é³ŽããŸããã¢ã«ãã©ã€ã¢ãªãç°ããŒãéããŸãã£ãŠããŸããå¹³äºã«æ¥ããŸã§èŠãããšãç¡ãã£ãçç©ã§ãããä»ãšãªã£ãŠã¯ãè¿æããã§ãããéšãéã£ãç¿æ¥ã®æã¯ãé端ãã¢ã«ãã©ã€ã¢ãªãã®ãã®ãåããŠããã®ã§ãæ©ããšãã¯æ°ã䜿ããŸããã¢ã«ãã©ã€ã¢ãªã¯å·ããæ°Žã奜ããªã®ãã絊氎å£ã®è¿ãã«ããããéãŸã£ãŠããŸããäžã®åçã®é»ããã€ã¯å šå¡ã¢ã«ãã©ã€ã¢ãªã§ããäºãã«ã¶ã€ãã£ãããäžç·ã«ãªã£ãŠæ°Žã«æµãããããšãèŠãŠããŠé£œããŸããããã¡ããããããŸããããã沢山ããŸãããããŸã¯æ°Žåºã«æ¢ãŸã£ãŠããŠãæã ç©åãéãã§æ³³ãã§ãããŸããããšãããã®å ã«èŠªã«ãšã«ãããããšããé çªãããŠããã®ã§åã床èžã§ããæåã®è±ã5æããã«å²ãã®ã§ãããæ®ã£ããšæã£ããSDã«ãŒããå ¥ãå¿ããŠãããæ°ä»ãããšãã«ã¯æ¢ã«æ£ã£ãŠããŸããŸããæ³£ããã ãä»å¹Žããã£ã±ãè±ãå²ããŠããã®ã§ãç§ã«ãªãã°ãŸããéèœäžãæåã®éŠãã§æºããããããšãšæããŸãããã€ãŸã§ãç¶ããŠæ¬²ãã颚æ¯ã§ãããææè ã®æ¹ã ãé«éœ¢åãé²ãã§ããŸãããã®åçãæ®ãããŠé ããæ¹ããä»å¹Žã§86æ³ãšãªãããç°ããŒã¯æåŸãããããªãããšæããŠãããŸãããéçåã®æ³¢ã容赊ãªãæŒãå¯ããŠããçŸç¶ãå®æããŸããäžæ¹ããã¡ãã¯éèœã®ããäžã®æ¹ã«ãããã€ãŠã®ç°ããŒãå»å¹Žåºã«æãããã³ãžãŒã®çš®ã沢山èœå¹ããã®ã§ãã¿ããªã®ç®ã«çãŸãããã«è±å£ãäœãã®ã ããã§ããäžåºŠãå¢å°ã®æ¹ãžè¡ãéã®éäžã«äœã£ãŠããã®ã§ããçã«èŠªæã®æ¹ã ãéãŸã£ãŠããéã«ã¯ãç®ã«çãŸãã ãããšæ¥œãã¿ã«ãããŠããŸãããã話ã«ãããšãå¹³äºåºèº«ã®æ¹ããã®æŽ»åå ±åãèªãã§ãã ãã£ãŠãããããªã®ã§ãæ¯éãåž°ãã«ãªãããéã«ã¯ã芧ã«ãªã£ãŠãã£ãŠäžããïŒä»åã¯ç°¡åã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸãããã6æããæ¬æ Œçã«ç 究掻åãåéããããŸãã掻åå ±åã«ãç 究ã®é²æãèŒããŠãŸãããŸãã®ã§ãã©ããã楜ãã¿ã«ã
å¹³äºã®ç°ããŒGWããã£ãšããéã«éãå»ã£ãŠãæ°ãä»ãã°å¹³äºã®ç°ããŒã«ãæ°Žã匵ãããŠããŸããã5æã«å ¥ã£ãŠããéšãå€ããããªæ°ãããŸãããæ©ããæ¢ éšã«ç足ãèžã¿èŸŒãã§ããã®ã§ãããããæ©ãã«èª¿æ»ãå§ããŠãããŠè¯ãã£ããšèžãæ«ã§ããããŠããŸããç°èŸºåžãäºå³éèœã®ç°ããŒæå€ãã£ãŠãã¡ãã¯ãå¹³äºããå±±ãããã€ãè¶ãããšããã«ãããç°èŸºåžäºå³éèœã®ç°ããŒã§ããå人çã«å¥œããªå Žæã®äžã€ã§ãå ããªå¹³å°ã䜿ã£ãŠç°ããŒã«ããŠããæ§åããããã«ãå±±æ颚æ¯ã§ãããããšæ¯èŒãããšå¹³äºã¯å²ãšå¹³å°ãå€ãæµãŸããç°å¢ãããããŸãããéšãå€ããªããšããããäžã®æ®µå·®ãã湧ãæ°ŽãåŽãåºãå¹³äºã§ãããéèœäžå€®éšã«ã¯ã¡ãããšäºæžããããŸãããããããã¡ãã®äºæžã§ãéèœã®ååã®ç±æ¥ããã®äºæžã ããã§ããäºæžã¯å šéšå¹³ãã ãããšæãã®ã§ãããäœãšæ¯èŒããŠãããã§ãããããæ·±ããæµ ãã®ãå¹³ããšè¡šçŸããã®ã§ããããâŠãè¬ã§ãã倩æ°ãç¶ãããšããããã®äºæžã®æ°Žã ãã¯ãããŸããšæºãŸã£ãŠããã®ã§ãçãç©ã®çµæ§æ£²ã¿ã€ããŠããŸããã¡ãã£ãšèŠããŠã¿ãŸãããããŸããã¿ã³ã®äžãèŠããšãã«ãšã«ãé ããŠããŸãããå€ã«ãªããšæ¥å·®ãããéããŠããã«ãšã«ã§ãã£ãããã人æ°ã®å Žæã§ãã4æ以éã圌ãã®é³Žã声ãå¹³äºã®å€ãè³ãããŸããæã çªã«åŒµãä»ããŠé³ŽããŠããããšããããå°ããªäœããã¯æ³åã§ããªã倧ããªé³éã«ç ããªãããšããããŸããç¶ããŠæ°Žã®äžãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããããããããã«ã§äœã£ãå³åžèŠ³å¯éå ·ã§æ®ã£ãã®ã§ãèŠã«ããã§ããã¢ã«ãã©ã€ã¢ãªãããŸããã圌ãã¯éèœäžã®åŽæºãã®ãã®ãæ©ããŸãã£ãŠããŸããéšã®æ¥ã湿æ°ãé«ãæ¥ã¯ãéè·¯ãŸã§äžãã£ãŠããŠå±ããèžãã§ããŸãããã«ãªãããšããã°ãã°ã§ããååã®éãããè ¹ãèµ€ãã®ãç¹åŸŽã§ãããä»åã¯èŠããŠãããŸããã§ããããã®ä»ã«ããæ®æ®µã¯ã«ãããããããã®ã§ããããã®æ¥ã¯å§¿ãèŠãããå± ããšãã¯å±±ã®ããã«ããã®ã«ãã©ããžæ¶ããã®ãããäžæè°ãªãã®ã§ããã©ãããçµéå®éšã«äœ¿ãã©ãããããããããçºèœã®æçæãè¿ããŠããŸããäžæã¯å šãèœãåºãã©ããªãããšããšå¿é ããŠããã®ã§ãããç¡äºå®éšãè¡ãããã§ããæåã«çºèœããåäœããå®ã«2ãæè¿ãçµéããŠããã®ã§ãçºèœã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã¯ããªãåäœå·®ãããããã§ãããã©ãããã®èæ¯ã¹ãªã©ãšèšããŸãããçµæ§ãã€ããŒã¹ã§ä»äººã¯ä»äººãšããã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ãªã®ãããããŸãããã©ãããã®çµé芳å¯å¹³äºã®è¶æã¿ååãç 究æã§è¶æã¿ããèã£ã±ã也ç¥ãããŠããæ§åãã玹ä»ããŸããããéèœã®æ¹ã ãå «åå «å€ã®5æ2æ¥ã®ç¿æ¥ãæ°èœãæãã§ããŸãããæè§ãªã®ã§ãæ°èœãæãã§ããè¶èã«ãããŸã§ããæäŒãããªããèŠåŠãããŠããããŸããããŸãã¯æãã§ããæ°èœãç ããŸããç± äžæ¯ã«æãã§ããæ°èœã®ç·ãé®®ããã§ããããã®æç¹ã§æ¢ã«ãè¶ã®éŠããããŸããæãã æã«ããè¶ã®éŠããæã¿ã€ããŠããŸãããå ã¿ã«ããã®æ䜿ã£ãç± ã¯ããã補ãšã®ããšã軜ããŠäžå€«ãªã®ã§éå®ããŠããã ãšãããã ãä»ã¯ããäœãã人ãããªããããªã®ã§è²Žéãªäžåã§ããçµæ§ãªåŒ·ç«ã§ç ã£ãŠãããŸããæéã¯15å匱ãäžè¯éã§ãã£ãŒãã³ãäœãæãã§ãè¶èãããæ··ããŠãããŸããç ãçµãã£ããæã段éã«ãªããŸããææã¿ã¯ããªãç²ãããããªã®ã§ãåçã«ããå°çšã®æ©äŒã䜿ããŸãããã®æ©äŒã®äžã«ç ã£ããã«ãã«ã®è¶èãå ¥ããŠãéãã眮ããŠãæ©æ¢°ã«ããåããŠããããŸããæã¿çµãã£ãã也ç¥ãããŠçµäºã§ãã確ãã«éŠŽæã®ããè¶èã®åœ¢ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããéŠãããããè¶ã£ãœããªã£ãŠããŸãããæåã«åºãŠããæ°èœã䜿ã£ããè¶ãäžçªè¶ãšèšã£ãŠãé«çŽåãšããããããã®ã§ãããå¹³äºã®å Žåã¯äœåãæãã§ããæéãç¡ãã®ã§ãå šãŠäžçªè¶ã ããã§ãããèŽ æ²¢ãïŒããšç¬ããªããæããŠãããŸãããç 究èšç»â¡ããŠãåã åã«çŽ¹ä»ããç 究èšç»ã®ç¶ãã§ããåã åãŸã§ã®å 容ãæ¯ãè¿ããªããé²ããŠãããããšæããŸããåŸæ¥ã®J-C仮説ãæ€èšŒããå Žåã®æŠå¿µå³æ¯æš¹ã®è¿ãã¯æ¯æš¹ãšåçš®ã®å®çãããããçããŠããŠãåçš®å¯åºŠãé«ããªããŸãããããžããã®æš¹çš®ã奜ãã§é£ã¹ã倩æµãéãŸã£ãŠãããšãåçš®ãè²ã¡ã«ããç°å¢ãæ¯æš¹åšèŸºã§çºçããŸããåçš®ãè²ã¡ã«ããç°å¢ã§ã¯ãä»çš®ãäŸµå ¥ããããããšã«ãªããŸããã€ãŸãã倩æµãšå®çã®é¢ä¿æ§ãã森æã®å€çš®å ±åã¡ã«ããºã ãäœãåºããŠãããšããã®ããJ-C仮説ã§ãããã§ã¯ããã®J-C仮説ã®å¹æïŒä»¥åŸJ-Cå¹æãšããïŒã¯ãçš®ã¬ãã«ã§ããæ©èœããŠããªãã®ã§ããããïŒäŸãã°ã倩ç¶æãçæ¯ç°å¢ãšããŠå¥œãçç©ã倩æµã ã£ãå Žåãå®çã«ãšã£ãŠã¯äººå·¥æã®æ¹ãæé·ã«é©ããç°å¢ã«ãªã£ãŠããããšãäºæ³ãããŸããå®éã«ãæšå¹Žå®æœããåºèæš¹å®çã®çåçã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã§èª¿æ»ããçµæã§ã¯ã倩ç¶æã人工æãããã¯ããã«é«ãæ¯æ»çã瀺ããŠããããšãåãããŸããããã®å·®ããJ-Cå¹æã«ãããæ¯æš¹ããã®è·é¢ïŒãããã¯å®çã®å¯åºŠïŒã ãã«ãããã®ãªã®ãããããšãæçžã®éããçåçã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒããŠããã®ãïŒãããïŒã€ç®ã®çåã§ãããâ»å³ã¯åããããã®æ¯æ»çãããŒã¿ãšããŠå©çšããïŒäººå·¥æïŒ16ããããã倩ç¶æïŒ8ããããïŒãæ¯æ»çã®ææå·®ã®ç¢ºèªã«ã¯GLMMã䜿çšãååäœã®çæ»ããŒã¿ïŒ0,1ããŒã¿ïŒãçšããŠè² ã®äºé ååžãä»®å®ãã調æ»ãããããã©ã³ãã èŠå ãšãããçµæãææå·®ãèªããããïŒp=0.0263ïŒãã§ã¯ãäžã®å³ã«ããã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã®æ¯æ»çã®å·®ããåŸæ¥ã®J-Cå¹æã ããåå ã§ã¯ãªãããšã瀺ãããã«ã¯ãã©ã®ããã«ããã°è¯ãã§ãããããããã§ãããæ¯æš¹ã人工æãšå€©ç¶æã®äžéäœçœ®ã«ç«ã£ãŠããç¶æ ãæ³å®ããŸãïŒäžå³ïŒãã®æ¯æš¹ã¯ãåšèŸºã«åçš®ã®æ¯æš¹ãããªããå€ç«ããåäœã§ãããåçš®åäœã®J-Cå¹æãå¹²æžããããšã¯ãªããšããŸãïŒãæ³å®ããæ¯æš¹ã®ç¶æ³ã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã®å¢çéšåã«å€ç«ããŠååšããçš®ã®æ¯æš¹ãæ³å®ãããã®åšèŸºã®åçš®å®çã人工æãšå€©ç¶æã«æ£åžãããŠãããããã§ãããæ¯æš¹ãšåçš®ã§ããå®çã®çåçã®å€åãã¿ãŒã³ããæ¯æš¹ããã®è·é¢oråçš®å®çã®å¯åºŠã ãã§æ±ºãŸã£ãŠãããªãã°ãäžå³ã«ãããâ ãšâ¡ã«ãããŠãå®çã®çåçã®å€åãã¿ãŒã³ã¯åãã«ãªãã¯ãã§ããããããããâ ãšâ¡ã§çåçã®å€åã®ãã¿ãŒã³ãåãã§ãªãã£ãããããã¯åŸæ¥ã®J-Cå¹æã ãã§ã¯èª¬æã§ããªãçŸè±¡ã§ãããšèšããŸãããã®ä»®èª¬ãæ€èšŒããããã«äžçªæã£åãæ©ãæ¹æ³ã¯ã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã®äžå€®ã«å€ç«ããŠååšããæ¯æš¹ãèŠã€ããŠããã®åšèŸºã®å®çã®çåçã調æ»ããã®çµæã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã§æ¯èŒãããšããæ¹æ³ã§ããå€ç«ããŠååšããæ¯æš¹ã¯æå€ã«å€ãèŠã€ããããŸããããããå®çã解æã«èãããã»ã©ååžããŠããããšãçãããèªç¶æ¡ä»¶äžã§ã®æ€èšŒã¯æ念ããããšã«ããŸããã代ããã«å©çšããã®ããæšå¹Žãå®æœããåå£ãæã£ãŠããŠå®çãæ€ããæ¹æ³ã§ãããã®æ¹æ³ã§ããã°ãå¥éæºåããå®çãçšããããšã§ãµã³ãã«æ°ã皌ãããšãã§ããŸãã詳ãã説æãããšãå€ç«ããŠååšããæ¯æš¹ãäžå¿ãšããŠã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã®åæ¹åã«30ïœå°ç¹ãèšå®ããŸãã次ã«æ¯æš¹çŽäžãšå30må°ç¹ããåå£ãæ¡åããå¥ã«è²ãŠãå®çãæ€ãè²·ãããšããææ³ã§ããåå£æ¡åå°ç¹ã®å³ãã¡ããããã®æ¹æ³ã«ã¯æ¬ ç¹ããããŸãã倩æµã¯åå£èé¡ã«éãããŠããŸãããšãæ¬ ç¹ã§ãããå è¡ç 究ïŒSeiwa 2008ïŒã§ãå®çã®æ¯æ»ã«ãããè害ã®åŒ·ãã倧ããããšãè©äŸ¡ãããŠãããããä»åã¯åå£èé¡ã«éå®ããããšãšããŸãããŸããããããçšãã枩宀å®éšã§ã¯ãå®çã®æ¯æ»ãçºçãããŸã§ã«æéããããããšããããããçåçã§ã¯ãªãæé·éã芳å¯å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŸããããããããããšããŠããå®éšã®ä»®æ³å³ïŒããŒã¿ã¯ãŸã ãšã£ãŠããŸããïŒäžå®æéçµéåŸãåå°ç¹ïŒäººå·¥æã倩ç¶æãæ¯æš¹çŽäžïŒã®åå£ã§è²ãŠãå®çã®æé·éã調æ»ããŸããæé·éã¯ééãçšããŸãã仮説ãæ¯æãããããªçµæãšãªã£ãå Žåãäžã®å³ã®ãããªçµæã«ãªããšäºæ³ã§ããŸããåŸæ¥ã®J-Cå¹æã®æ€èšŒã§ç¢ºãããããŠããã®ã¯åç¢å°â ã®å·®ã§ããã€ãŸãæ¯æš¹çŽäžãšé æ¹ã§ãå®çã®æ¯æ»çã«å·®ããããã©ãããšããéšåã確ãããããŠããŸãããäžæ¹ãæ¬ç 究ã®ä»®èª¬ãæ¯æããçµæãšãªã£ãå Žåãåç¢å°â¡ã®éšåã«ãå·®ãèªããããã¯ãã§ããã€ãŸãã倩ç¶æãšäººå·¥æã®æé·éã®å·®ããæ¯æš¹ããã®è·é¢ã§ã¯ãªããæçžã®éãã«ãã£ãŠçããŠããããšã確ãããããŸãããããŠããã®å·®ãåŸæ¥ã®çš®ã¬ãã«ã®J-Cå¹æã§ã¯èª¬æã§ããªãã£ããçŸè±¡ãšãªããšèããŠããŸãã以äžãäºã€ç®ã®å®éšèšç»ã§ããïŒæ¬¡å以éãã©ããã楜ãã¿ã«ïŒ
ããã«ã¡ã¯ïŒç 究æã§ã¯ãè¶ã®åç©«ãå§ãŸããŸããïŒç 究æåºèã§ã¯èã£ã±ãåºãããããè¶ã®éŠããæŒã£ãŠããŸããçœãããªè¯ãéŠãã§ãïŒããŠãä»åã¯2022幎æ¥ã®å®ç远跡調æ»ã«ã€ããŠæžããŠãããããšæããŸãïŒãªãååäºåããŠããŸããç 究å 容ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãéœåäžã次å以éãžãšå»¶æãããŠé ããŸãïŒãå®ç远跡調æ»ã2022æ¥éå§ïŒ2020幎ããå§ãããæ¥ãšç§ã®å®ç远跡調æ»ããã®2022幎æ¥ã®èª¿æ»ãéå§ããŸããïŒãã®èª¿æ»ã§ã¯ãåºèæš¹å®çã®çåçãæé·éãã倩ç¶æã人工æããããŠéäŒåŒ·åºŠå¥ã«æ¯èŒããããã«è¡ã£ãŠããŸããä»åã®èª¿æ»ã§éäŒåŸ1幎çµéåŸã®æ§åãåããããšã«ãªããŸããæ°ãã調æ»å°ã«å ¥ã£ãŠããã€ãã¶ã¯ã©ã®å®çæšå¹Žã®æ¥ã¯ãã€ãã¶ã¯ã©ãã¯ããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠãã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ãã¿ã©ãããšãã£ãå é§çš®ïŒå°é¢šãªã©ã®æ¹ä¹±ã«ãã£ãŠçãã裞å°ã«çã£å ã«å ¥ã£ãŠããçš®ã®ããšïŒãçºèœããŠããã®ã確èªãããŸãããä»å¹Žã®æ¥ã¯ã©ã®ãããªçš®ãçºèœããŠããã§ããããïŒæšå¹Žã®èª¿æ»ã§ããåºçŸããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠïŒå·ŠïŒãšã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ïŒå³ïŒçŸåšãŸã§ã«1/4ã®èª¿æ»ãçµãããšããã§ãããä»ã®ãšããã®èæèŠã§ã¯ãæšå¹Žã®æ¥ãšåºçŸçš®ã«éãããããŸããäŸãã°ãæšå¹ŽããããçããŠããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠãã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ã¯ãä»å¹Žã¯ã»ãšãã©æ°èŠåäœã確èªã§ããŸããããŸããæšå¹Žçºèœã確èªããæ¢ã«å€§ããæé·ããŠãããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠã®åäœããæ¯æ»ããåäœãã»ãšãã©ã§ãããäžæ¹ããµã¯ã©ã®å®çã¯ãä»å¹Žãæ°èŠåäœãå€ãå ¥ã£ãŠæ¥ãŠããŸããã倧ããæé·ããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠïŒããããã®æ¥ã«ã¯æ¯æ»ããŠããïŒã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠãã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ãšããµã¯ã©ã®éãã¯ã©ãããŠçããã®ã§ãããããåã¯ãçš®åã®ç±æ¥ãç°ãªãããã§ã¯ãªãããšèããŠããŸããã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠãã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ã¯ãäœå¹Žãåã«ååšããæ¯æš¹ããæ£åžãããçš®åããåå£äžã§ãä»ãä»ãããšçºèœã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãåŸ ã£ãŠãããšãããéäŒãšãã絶奜ã®æ©äŒãå°æ¥ããæšå¹Žã®æ¥ã«çš®åãäžæã«çºèœãäžæ¹ã§ããµã¯ã©ã¯æ¯å¹Žãåç©ãã¡ããã£ããšçš®åãéãã§ãããã®ã§ããã®1幎éã§ãæ°ããçš®åãæ£åžãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããããããã§ããã°ãã«ã©ã¹ã¶ã³ã·ã§ãŠãã¢ã«ã¡ã¬ã·ã¯ã¯ãéäŒçŽåŸã§ã®ã¿å®çããã芳å¯ããããµã¯ã©ã¯æ¯å¹Žäžå®ã®æ°èŠåäœãèŠããããšãããã¿ãŒã³ãã説æã§ãããšèããããŸãããã®èšŒæ ãšããããå Žæããã£ãã®ã§ãã玹ä»ããŸããã¿ãããåºãããµã¯ã©ã®æ£®ã¿ããã®æºãç³ã«å«ãŸãããµã¯ã©ã®çš®ãã¡ãã¯ãæšå¹Žã®æŽ»åå ±åã§çŽ¹ä»ãããã¿ããã®æºãç³ã«äº€ãã£ãŠãããµã¯ã©ã®çš®åã§ããã¿ããã¯éé£ãªã®ã§ãæè«ãåç©ã®æ»äœããæšã®å®ãŸã§æ§ã ãªãã®ãé£ã¹ãŠããŸããããããé£ã¹ç©ã®äžã«ããµã¯ã©ã®å®ãå«ãŸããŠããããã§ãçš®åã®éšåã ãæ¶åãããã«ç³ãšäžç·ã«æ£åžãããŠããŸããããã®çš®åãã©ããããçºèœããã®ãæ°ã«ãªã£ãåã¯ããã®å Žæã«ç®å°ãç«ãŠãŠããçµéã芳å¯ããããšã«ããŸããã1幎åŸèŠäºã«çºèœãããµã¯ã©ïŒèµ€äžžïŒãããŠ1幎åŸãæ§åãèŠã«è¡ããšããªããš30åè¿ãå®çãçºèœããŠããã®ã確èªã§ããŸãããåºãŸã£ãŠããçš®åã¯ã颚éšã®åœ±é¿ã§ããæ¡æ£ããŠããŸãããã確ãã«æºãç³ã®åšå²ã§å¯éããŠçºèœããŠããæ§åã確èªã§ããŸããïŒåçã»èµ€äžžïŒãåç©ã森ãåºããŠãã姿ãå®éã«èŠãããšãã§ããã®ã§ãéåžžã«è奮ããŸããïŒæç§æžã§åç©æ£åžåã®çš®åããããšã¯ç¥ã£ãŠããŠãããããå®äœéšãšããŠèŠãããšãã§ããæ©äŒã¯æ» å€ã«ãªããšæããŸãããç 究æãªãã§ã¯ã®äœéšãããããŸããããå¥ã®å Žæã§ããµã¯ã©ãå¯çããŠããåãããå¯çãããµã¯ã©ã®å®çä»ã®èª¿æ»å°å ã§ããå¯çãããµã¯ã©ã®å®çãäœã«æã確èªãããŸããããããã®å®çãçºèŠããå Žæãã颚éšã§å¶ç¶çš®åãéãŸããããªå°åœ¢ã§ããªããããåç©ãé£ã¹ãçš®åãç³ãšäžç·ã«éç©ãããçµæçãããã¿ãŒã³ã ãšæšæž¬ãããŸããåç©ãšæ€ç©ã®é¢ä¿ã¯ãåç©ãæ€ç©ãå©çšããŠã°ãããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžãæ±ã人ãå€ããããããŸããããããããå æ¯ãèŠããšãæ€ç©ãåç©ãäœãšãå©çšã§ããããã«é²åãéããŠããã®ã ãªããšå®æããŸããè«ã«é£ãããŠãããµã¯ã©ã®å®çããŠãããããŠãã§ããèœãåºãŠãããµã¯ã©ãã¡ã§ãããæ©éæ°ããªæµãšæŠã£ãŠããåäœããããŸããããããäžã®åçã§ããè«ã«ãææ¬ã®ãããªè«é£ãç©ŽãéããããŠããŸããæšå¹Ž1幎éã®èŠ³å¯çµæã§ã¯ãæ¥ã«çºèœããå®çã®å€ããç§ãŸã§ã«æ¯æ»ããŠããããšãåãããŸãããæ¯æ»å ã¯äžæãªããšãå€ãã£ãã®ã§ããããã®é£å®³ã®ããã«å€©æµã®åœ±é¿ã«ãã£ãŠæ¯æ»ããŠããŸã£ãåäœãå€ãã£ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããã調æ»äžã«èŠã€ãããã®ããããã¯èª¿æ»äžã«èŠã€ãããã®ãã玹ä»ããŸãããŸãäžã€ç®ããããããã®å®çã§ããããããã¯æ æšã®æ ã§ãæã®ã²ããåºãããããªå€§ããªæç¶è€èãç¹åŸŽã®æšã§ããæ¯æš¹ã¬ãã«ã«ããªããšãäž¡æããã£ã±ãã«ãªãã»ã©èã倧ãããªãçš®ã§ãããå®çã¯ãŸãã§èµ€ã¡ããã®æã®ããã«ãããµã€ãºã§å¯æãããã§ãããã®åäœãããšæ°mãºã¬ãŠããã°ãããããå ã«åºçŸããæ°èŠåäœãšããŠèšé²ã§ããã®ã§ãããæ®å¿µãªããä»åã¯èª¿æ»å¯Ÿè±¡å€ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸãããããããã®å®çã¯ãç§ã®èª¿æ»å°ã§ã¯éåžžã«çããã®ã§ãé 匵ã£ãŠæ¬²ããã§ãïŒããããã®å®çç¶ããŠã¯ãã¡ã·ã£ã©ã®å·šæšã§ãããã¡ã·ã£ã©ãšèšãã°ãæž©ãã¿æº¢ããè¯ãè²ã®æãæãæµ®ãã³ãŸãããæã®çŸãããšåæ§ããã¡ã·ã£ã©ã¯æš¹ç®ã®çŸããã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ£®ã®ãããå±€ã«å ¥ã£ãŠããããšã¯ééããªãã§ããããã©ããªã«èæã森ã§ãããã¡ã·ã£ã©ã ãã¯äžç¬ã§å€å¥ã§ããŸãããµã«ã¹ããªã®æšèã«ã䌌ãŠããŸããããã¡ã·ã£ã©ã¯ãããç§ããµã«ã¹ããªã¯ããœãã®ç§ã§ç°ãªããŸããååã®ç±æ¥ã¯ããããããã®å¥åã§ããã·ã£ã©ã®æšã®è±ããããäžåãå°ããè±ãå²ãããããã ããã§ãã調æ»äžã«èŠã€ãããã¡ã·ã£ã©ã®å·šæšãããªãã¡ã·ã£ã©ã®å·šæšã調æ»äžã«èŠã€ããŸãããããŸãã®å€ªãã«åšãã®æšã现ãèŠããŠããŸããŸãããåšãã®æšãèžé«çŽåŸ30ãçšåºŠã¯ããç«æŽŸãªæšã§ããããã«ããçŽåŸã¡ãŒã¿ãŒãæã£ãŠããªãã£ãã®ã§ãèšæž¬ããããšãã§ããªãã£ãã®ã§ããã倧人äºäººã§ããããäžåšã§ãããããã®å¹¹ã®å€ªãã§ããããã¯ãããã¡ãšèšããããçåžãšåŒãã æ¹ããã£ãããããµã€ãºã§ããããã³ãã³ã®å±èç¶ããŠãã³ãã³ã®å±èã§ãããã³ãã³ã¯ä»¥åã話ããããã«ãå¥æ°çŸœç¶è€èãšããäžèŠè€æ°æã«èŠããèã£ã±ã®å šäœããå®ã¯äžã€ã®èã£ã±ã§ãããšããç¹åŸŽãæã£ãŠããŸãããããªå€§ããªèã£ã±ãæ¥å ã«çããŠããå Žé¢ã¯ãã©ã®ããã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããïŒéåžžã«æ°ã«ãªããŸãããïŒããæã£ãŠèŠ³å¯ããŠã¿ããšãããåçã®ããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã確ãã«ãæã®ãããªéšåãèã£ã±ã®ãããªéšåïŒå°èïŒãšäžç·ã«å€§ãããªã£ãŠããéçšãåãããŸãããæéã®é²æç¶æ³ããŠãæéã®ç¶æ³ã¯ãšèšããŸããšãè·å¡ããã®ãååã®ãããã§ã調æ»ããããã®äžæ©æåãŸã§é 調ã«é²ãã§ããŸããïŒéšãéããã³ã«ã¬ãããã§ããéšåãã段ã ãšåºãŸãã¯ãããŠéããããªã£ãŠããŸãããæ¥ã®åœããæéã«è¡ãã°ãæšæŒãæ¥ãé©åºŠã«åœããæ°æã¡ã®è¯ãæ£çè·¯ã®ãããªé°å²æ°ã§ãïŒæééãåºãŸã£ãŠããã°ã空転ãããæ»ã£ãããããªã¹ã¯ãæžã£ãŠãéæ©ã§ãªããŠãæéãŸã§å ¥ãããããªããŸããè»ãå ¥ã£ãŠãããããã«ãªãã°ãããå€ãã®äººãç°¡åã«ç 究æã®èª¿æ»å°ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã«ãªããŸããè·å¡ããæ¹ãšçæ§ã®ãååã«ãã£ãŠäœãããŠãããã®éãéããŠãããå€ãã®äººã«ç 究æã®æŽ»åãç¥ã£ãŠããããã°ããããéãã§ããå°é¢ãåºãŸã£ãŠè»ãå ¥ããããã«ãªã£ãæéã©ãããã®ç¶æ³ããŠãå æãããŒã¡ãŒã¡çãå§ããŠããã©ãããã¯ãããããæ¬æ Œçã«å±èããåäœãåºãŠããŸãããåã©ãã®ãããã倧人ã«åŒãããšããªããã¢ã«ã¬ã·ãããã身ã«ãŸãšã£ãå®çã§ããïŒ1000åã»ã©æããŠã4ææ«çŸåšã§çºèœããŠããåäœã¯150åçšåºŠã§ããå®éšã§ã¯240åã»ã©å¿ èŠãšããèšç»ã«ããŠããã®ã§ããããããçºèœãåŸ ã£ãŠããå®éšã«ç§»ããããšæããŸããäžãäžãçºèœçãæªãå®çã足ããªãå Žåã¯ãå®éšã®å埩æ°ã調æŽãããªã©ããŠå¯Ÿå¿ããŠãããããšèããŠããŸããç¶ããã©ããã楜ãã¿ã«ïŒä»åãã©ããããæããŠã¿ããšãåäœã«ãã£ãŠçºèœã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ãããªãéãããšãåãããŸãããæåã¯ã3åäœãããããçºèœããŠããªãã£ãã®ã§ãããªãçŠã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããããšããããšãã次ã ãšçºèœããŠããŸããåææã«æ®åœ±ããã©ãããå®çã®å¥åäœãã©ãããã®èæ¯ã¹ããªããŠèšèããããŸãããã©ãããã®å€§ããã«ã¯ããã»ã©éãããªããŠããæããŠã¿ãã°æå€ãšéããããã®ãããããŸããâŠïŒ
ããã«ã¡ã¯ïŒæ¡ãå²ãããšæã£ããå€ã¿ããã«æãæ¥ãç¶ããŠé©ããŸããããå€åº§å·ãææ©ããå·ããŸãããæŒã¯æ±ã°ãéœæ°ã§ã€ãã€ãã¢ã€ã¹ãè²·ã£ãŠé£ã¹ãŠããŸããŸãããããŠä»åã®ãããã¯ã¯ååã®ç¶ãã®æ¥ã®è±â¡ãšãå®éšèšç»ã®ãã¡ã仮説ãç«ãŠããšããããŸã§ã§ãïŒã©ãããèªã¿äžããïŒïŒïŒã¯ãã¢ãžãŸãäžã€ç®ã¯ã¯ãã¢ãžãã¯ãã¢ãžã¯åã®å¥œããªéŠãã®æšãããïŒã«å ¥ãæšã§ããæè¿ã¯ãã¹ãŒããŒã§ã¯ãã¢ãžã®ã®ã©é£Žã売ããå§ããŠç¥å床ãé«ãŸã£ãŠããŠããããã§ããããã®éŠãã®é«ããããé«çŽçªæ¥æãšããŠãå©çšãããŠããã®ã§ããåç¥ã®æ¹ãå€ããããããŸãããããã«é¡ã£ãŠæ±æžæ代ã«ãªããšãã€ãã®ãšå ±ã«æ¯ãã©ã·ã«å©çšãããçš®ã§ããã£ãããã§ããã¡ãªã¿ã«ãååã®ç±æ¥ã¯æšèã«ã§ããé»ãæç¹ããæåã®ããã«èŠããã®ã§é»æåãšã®ããšãããŠããããªã¯ãã¢ãžã®è±ãäžã®åçã§ããéŠããšäŒŒãããã«åã®ããå¯æãããè±ãä»ããŸãããèã£ããç·ããã£ãé»è²ãå°ããªè±ã§ãããéŠãã¯æã®æ¹ãå§åçã§ãããïŒïŒã€ããã¢ããžç¶ããŠã¢ããžã®ä»£è¡šæ Œãã€ããã¢ããžã§ããã¢ããžãšèšãã°çŽ èã楜ããçš®ãªã®ã§ãç§ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã°ããæãæããŠããŸããŸããããã£ããè±ãå²ãããŸããèµ€ãå°ããªè±ã矀ãã£ãŠå²ããŠããæ§åãäžã®åçã§ããèã£ã±ã¯ãŸã å±èããã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãããŸãã¢ããžããããããããŸããããã€ããã¢ããžã®ç±æ¥ã¯ãèã£ã±ã®åã蟌ã¿ããã€ããããããããšæ°ããããšã ããã§ãããã©ããããªããšèšã£ããå šéšã®ã¢ããžãã€ããã¢ããžã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããããªâŠãããã¯ããŠããããã¢ããžãã®æ¹ã®ç±æ¥ã¯äœãªã®ã§ãããããå°ã調ã¹ãŠã¿ãæãèæšãèµ€ãé»è²ã«å€åããŠããæ§åã瀺ãåè©ããã¿ã€ãã®åè©åœ¢ãšãã説ãå€ãããã§ããã€ããã¢ããžã®å±ããã«ãšãå±ã®ãæ¥ãã¯ãã«ãšã«ã®æãã«äŒŒãŠãããããã«ãšã«ããããèšã£ããšãã説ãããããã§ããå人çã«ã¯æ¥ã®ç±æ¥ã®æ¹ãããã§ãããïŒïŒããŠãã¯ã«ãšãã«ãšãå±ã€ãªãããšããããšã§ãã次ã¯ããŠãã¯ã«ãšãã§ãããã¡ããè±ã¯äŒŒããããªæãã§ãããæè²ç³»ã®èµ€ãšãã£ããšããã§ãããããããŠãã¯ã«ãšãã¯ã€ããã¢ããžããäžåã倧ããèã£ã±ã§ããªããã€åã蟌ã¿ãå€ãã®ãç¹åŸŽã§ããåçã®èæ¯ã«ã€ããã¢ããžãåã£ãŠããã®ã§ãæ¯èŒããããããšæããŸããååã®ç±æ¥ã«ããªã£ãŠããããã«ã倩çã®æã£ãŠãã矜å£æããã®ããŠãã¯ã«ãšãã®åœ¢ã«ãã£ããã§ããå ã¿ã«ã倩çã®å£æã¯å€©çãªã誰ã§ãæãŠãããã§ã¯ãªããŠãåãæã£ãŠãã匷ã倩çããæã€ããšãèš±ãããªãããã§ããææã¯å€©çã®çŸœã§åºæ¥ãŠããŠãå¥æ°æã«ãªã£ãŠãããšã®ããšãããããã°ããŠã³ã®ç§ã®ã€ããã®å¥åããã³ã°ãããŠãã¯ã§ããã€ããã®æ¹ããµã€ãºçã«ãâããã£ãœãâããããŸããïŒïŒã¢ãããã¢ãããã¯ç¥ããªããšããæ¹ãå€ããããããŸããããå®ã¯æ¥æ¬äžå€§åºæšã®äžã€ã§ç¹ã«é¢æ±ä»¥åã§ã¯æ¬ ãããªãæšã®äžã€ã§ãïŒå ã¿ã«ä»ã®äºã€ã¯ã¢ãã³ã¯ãšã¢ã¯ã»ã€ïŒãæš¹ç®ããããªã¢ãã®åæãåããŠããããšãååã®ç±æ¥ã§ããããªã¢ãã¯æŒ¢åã§é³¥é»ãšæžãã®ã§ãã¢ãããã挢åã§æžããšãé€ ã®æšãã§ã¯ãªããé»ã®æšãã«ãªããŸããèŠæ £ããªã挢åã§ãããçŸåšã§ã¯ç©çã«ããªã¢ãã䜿ãããšãçŠæ¢ãããŠããã®ã§ãåºæšãäž»æµãªçšéã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã¢ãã¢ãã®æšãšã®é¢é£ã¯äžæã§ãããã€ã©ã¹ãã®ãµã€ãºçã«æããå¥çš®ã§ãããŸããã¢ãããç§ã«å€ãç¹åŸŽãšããŠãæãçœãçŸããããšãæããããŸãããœãšãŽãã¢ãããç§ã®äžçš®ã§ãããæšç®ãèã£ãããšããŠããŠæŸãã çœãããŠããŸããçæãååŒã§äœ¿ãç¬ã¯ãã®ãœãšãŽã§åºæ¥ãŠããŸãããããªã¢ãããã§ãããè±ã¯çµæ§å¯æãããã§ãããã ãã¯ãã¯ã©å±€ã®çºéããååãèã£ã±ã®åœ±ã«é ããŠããã®ã§ãããŸãç®ç«ã¡ãŸããã5æããããŸã§ã¯ã²ã£ããå²ããŠãããããªã®ã§ãæ¯éæ¢ããŠãã£ãŠãã ããïŒïŒïŒã€ã¹ããã¢ããããåºãã®ã§æ¬¡ã¯ã€ã¹ããããã¡ããæ€ åã®æšããšæããããæã®æšãšæžããããããã®æãä¹å·ã®æ¹èšã§ããŠã¹ããšåŒãã§ããã®ãèšã£ããšãã説ãããããã§ããé¢çœãã®ã¯ããã§ã³ããããšããå¥åããã£ãŠããããšã§ãããã®ãã¥ã³ãšããã®ã¯äœãªã®ããšãããšãã€ã¹ããã«ããã§ããè«ãã¶ã䜿ã£ãéã³ãç±æ¥ã ããã§ããã€ã¹ããã¯æã«åçã®ãããªè«ãã¶ãããåºæ¥ãŸãããã®æ§é ç©ã¯ãããããã®äžã§ç掻ããããã«æš¹æšã®åœ¢ãå€ããããšã§åºæ¥ããã®ã§ãã倧ãããªããšçæã§ã¯æãŠãªããããã®ãã®ãåºãŠããŸãããã®è«ãã¶ã¯ãäžã空æŽã«ãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ãé©åœã«ç©ŽãéããŠæ¯ãå¹ã蟌ããšç¬ã®ããã«é³ããªããŸãããããããã§ã³ããšèãããããã§ãããã®ã€ã¹ããã¯æ¥æ¬ã§æã硬ãæšã®äžã€ã§ããæŠç°è£œæããæ°ãããŠãã¡ã¬ã·ãã€ã¹ãããã¢ã¯ããªãŠã補æããäžã§ã¯äžçªå ãã£ããšãã確ãã«ãæã£ããšãã®ééæã¯ä»ã®æš¹çš®ãšã¯æ¯ã¹ç©ã«ãªããŸããã§ããããã®åŒ·åºŠãããæŠè¡ã®æšåã«å©çšãããããšããããŸãã6ïŒã¡ã®ã¡ã®ã¯ç®è¬ã«ããŠããããšãããç®æšããšãªã£ããã¹ãã¬ãŒããªç±æ¥ã§ãããããããã®ã¯ãã¡ã°ã¹ãªãããšããå¥ã®çš®é¡ã®æšãããããšãã¡ã°ã¹ãªããã¯ã ã¯ããžç§ã«ãšãå±ã§ã¡ã®ã¯ã¡ã®ç§ã¡ã®å±ã§ããã¡ã°ã¹ãªãããæ¬åœã«ç®è¬ãšããŠå©çšãããŠããæšãªã®ã§ãå°ããã®ã§ãããã®çè«ã§ãããšããã«ãæã«å©çšãããŠããåºèæš¹ã¯å šéšã«ãããã«ãªããŸããããã ããã¡ã®ã«ãããªãç¹åŸŽãã¡ãããšãããŸããã¡ã®ã¯æšæçå±æã®é»è²ãèªãçš®ã§ããæŠç°è£œæããã墚ä»ããªã®ã§ãééããªãé»è²ãçš®ãšèšãããšæããŸãããŸããã¡ã®ã¯å¥åãã³ããªããã©ãºããšèšããæã«æ£ãå€ãããšã§ãç¥ãããŠããŸããçµæ§å°ã£ããã€ãªãã§ããããã®å²ã«ãè±ã¯å€§äººããå²ãããŠããŸãããå®éšèšç»â 仮説ãŸã§ããŠããŠãä»å¹ŽåºŠåãçµãå®éšã®å€§çã決ãŸã£ãŠããã®ã§ãä»æ¥ã¯ä»®èª¬ã®ãšãããŸã§ã玹ä»ããããšæããŸããåãçµãã§ããå®éšãæããã«ããããšããŠãã倧ããªããŒãã¯ãããªãã§æ£®ã«æ²¢å±±ã®æšãå ±ååºæ¥ãŠããã®ãïŒãã§ãããããªã®åœããåãšæããããããããŸããããèããŠã¿ããçµæ§äžæè°ãªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããŸãããŸããããæš¹æšãèéã«1æ¬ã ãç«ã£ãŠããããšãæ³å®ããŸãããã®ç¶æ ã§æ¯æš¹ããã¿ããæ£åžãããã°ããã®åšãã¯åçš®ã®åã©ãéãããããè²ã£ãŠãããŸããçµæãåäžçš®ã«ãã£ãŠæ§æããã森ãåºãããšäºæ³ã§ããŸãããã§ã¯è¿ãã«å¥ã®çš®ãããå Žåã¯ã©ãã§ãããããããã§éèŠã«ãªãã®ããçåèœåã®å·®ã§ããããäžå®ã®ç°å¢äžã§ãçåèœåã«å·®ã®ããæš¹æšãããå Žåãæ³å®ããŸããåãã®ãã¡ã¯ãããããã®çš®ããçš®åãæ£åžããŠåŸã ã«åã©ãéãé ããžé ããžæ¡æ£ãããŠãããšäºæ³ã§ããŸããããããé·ãæéãçµéãããšã段ã ãšååžç¯å²ã«éãªããçããŠç«¶äºãèµ·ããããã«ãªããŸãã競äºãèµ·ãã£ãŠããŸããšãçš®éã§çåèœåã«å·®ãããã°ã競äºã«åªäœãªçš®ã ããçãæ®ããæçµçã«ã¯æã匷ãçš®ã ããåªå ããã¯ãã§ããããããå®éã®å€©ç¶æã®å€ãã¯ãå®ã«å€æ§ãªçš®ãããµããŠããŸãããªããªã®ã§ãããïŒããã§ãåäžçš®ãåªå ããéçšãæå¶ããè¬ã®å åXãæ³å®ããŸããçæ åŠã§ã¯ããã®Xãäœããšããããšãè°è«ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããããããªæãJanzenãããšConnellããããã»ãŒåææïŒãããã1970, 1971ïŒã«ããã®å åXã¯"ç¹ç°çãªå€©æµâã®ååšãªã®ã§ã¯ïŒãšæå±ããŸãããäžäœã©ãããããšã§ããããïŒãã暹皮Aã®æ¯æš¹ã®åšãã§ã¯ã確ãã«çš®åãããæ£åžããAçš®ãå¢åãåºããŠãããŸãããããããã®Açš®ã倧奜ããªå€©æµããããšããããã©ããªãã§ããããïŒAçš®ããã£ã±ãçããŠãããšããã«ã¯ã倩æµAãéãŸã£ãŠããŸãããããããã¯ãã飯ãäžæ¯ãããšããã§Açš®ãå¢æ®ãããããããŸããããããªããšãæ¯æš¹ã®åšãã§Açš®ã沢山çããŠããç°å¢ãšããã®ã¯ãAçš®ã«ãšã£ãŠçãã«ããç°å¢ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããŸããå³ã«ãããšäžã®ããã«ãªããŸããæ¯æš¹ããé¢ããã«é£ããŠæ£åžãããçš®åã®æ°ïŒèµ€ç·ïŒã¯æžå°ããŸããããããæ¯æš¹ã®åšãã«ã¯å€©æµãéãŸãã®ã§ãçåçïŒéç·ïŒã¯æ¯æš¹ããé¢ããã»ã©é«ããªããŸãããã®äºã€ã®èŠçŽ ããŸãšããŠèãããšãå®çã®å®ççã¯æ¯æš¹ããããé¢ãããšããã§æ倧ã«ãªããæ¯æš¹ã®åšãã«ã¯â空çœå°åž¯âãçãŸããŸããäžæ¹ãã®ç©ºçœå°åž¯ã§ã¯ã倩æµãç°ã«ããå¥çš®ã§ããã°å®çããããšãå¯èœã§ããã€ãŸãæ¯æš¹ã®åšãã§ã倩æµã«ããå®çã§ããªã空éãçãŸããããã«å¥çš®ãå ¥ãããã§ããããšã§ãçµæãšããŠå€æ§ãªæš¹çš®ãå ±åã§ããŠãããšãã説ã§ãããã®ä»®èª¬ã¯æå±è ã®JanzenãããšConnellããã®ååãããJanzen-Connell仮説ãšåŒã°ããŠããŸãã以éããã®ä»®èª¬ãJ-C仮説ããŸãã倩æµã«ãã£ãŠæ¯æš¹ã®åšãã«åãŒãããè² ã®å¹æãJ-Cå¹æãšåŒã¶ããšã«ããŸãã仮説â 倩æµã®è€åç圱é¿ããŠããã®J-C仮説ã«ã€ããŠããããŸã§æ§ã ãªç 究è ãæ€èšŒãè¡ã£ãŠããŸãããããã§è°è«ã«ãªãããšã®äžã€ãããâç¹ç°çãªå€©æµâãšã¯äœãªã®ãïŒããšããç¹ãäŸãã°ãæè«ãé£ã¹ãé³¥ãã«ãšã«ãé£ã¹ãããã®ããã«ãããçš®ã«ã¯ããã倧奜ããªå€©æµãããŸããã§ã¯ãJ-Cå¹æãåŒãèµ·ãã倩æµã¯äžäœå šäœäœãªã®ã ããâŠãšããã®ãäžã€ç®ã®åãã§ãããã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠããäžèšã®ããã«ãããŸã§æ§ã ãªç 究ãè¡ãããŠããŸããããã®äžã§ãåå£èé¡ã¯ãJ-Cå¹æãåŒãèµ·ãããŠããå¯èœæ§ãæ¯æããçµæãå€ãåºãŠããŸããããããæãšããŠå šãéã®å¹æãåºããã圱é¿ããã¥ãŒãã©ã«ã ã£ãããšãäžè²«ããçµæãåºãªãããšãäºå®ã§ãã ããã§ãäžã€ã®å€©æµã ãã§ãªãè€æ°ã®å€©æµã®åœ±é¿ãç·åçã«è©äŸ¡ããŠã¿ãããšãèããŸããèæ¬æ€ç©ã§è¡ãããå è¡ç 究ã§ã¯ãå°äžéšã®æè«ã«ããé£å®³ã®æç¡ããå°äžéšã§ã®åå£èé¡ãšæ€ç©ãšã®é¢ä¿ã«åœ±é¿ãåãŒããŠããããšã瀺ãããŠããŸãããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãé£å®³ãããå Žåã¯å°äžéšã®é¢ä¿ãäºãã«è² ã®åœ±é¿ãé£å®³ãç¡ãå Žåã¯äºãã«æ£ã®é¢ä¿ã瀺ãããšããããšãããŸãïŒHeizen et al. 2020ïŒããã®ããšããã倩æµã®è€åçãªåœ±é¿ãèæ ®ããããšã§ãJ-Cå¹æãåããŠèªããããå ŽåããããšèããããŸããããã§ç§ã¯äžã€ç®ã®ä»®èª¬ãšããŠãã倩æµã®è€åç圱é¿ãJ-Cå¹æãçã¿åºããŠããããèšå®ããŸããã仮説â¡J-Cå¹æã®ã¹ã±ãŒã«ç¶ããŠä»®èª¬ã®2ã€ç®ã§ãïŒãã ãããã¡ãã®ä»®èª¬ã¯è©°ããããŠããªãã®ã§ãå€æŽã«ãªãå¯èœæ§ããããŸãïŒã泚ç®ããã®ã¯ãJ-Cå¹æã®ã¹ã±ãŒã«ã§ãããããŸã§èŠãŠããJ-C仮説ãæ€èšŒããŠããå®éšã¯ããã¹ãŠãå®çãšè¿åã®èŠªæšãåçš®ãåŠãããšããç¹ã«ã€ããŠçš®ã¬ãã«ã§æ³šç®ããŠããŸãããããããè¿å¹Žã®ç 究ïŒäžå³åç §ïŒã§ãåçš®ã§ãªããšãçæ çç¹æ§ã䌌ãŠããã°ãJ-Cå¹æãçããããšãæããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸãããçæ çç¹æ§ãšã¯ã倩æµã«å¯Ÿããé²è¡çã1幎éã®æé·ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«ïŒå±èãªã©ïŒã®ããšã§ããç¹ã«å°äžéšã®æè«é£å®³ãžã®å¯Ÿæçã®é¡äŒŒæ§ã¯ã倩æµã®å ±æ床ã«é¢ä¿ããããJ-Cå¹æãšé¢ãããæ·±ãããã§ãïŒForrister et al. 2019ïŒãããã§ã次ã®ãããªããšãèããŠã¿ãŸãããŸããããåºèæš¹Aã®æ¯æš¹ãç §è暹倩ç¶æãšéè暹人工æã®äžåºŠäžéã«ç«ã£ãŠãããšæ³å®ããŸããå°åœ¢çãªåããç¡ããã°ããã®æ¯æš¹ã®çš®åã¯ã©ã®æ¹åã«ããçãã確çã§æ£åžãããã¯ãã§ããã§ã¯ããããã®çš®åã«åãJ-Cå¹æã¯ã倩ç¶æã§ã人工æã§ãåã匷ãã«ãªãã§ããããïŒå€©ç¶æå ã«åºèæš¹Aãšåã暹皮ãå€ãååžããå Žåã倩ç¶æå ã¯å€©æµããããããããããJ-Cå¹æã«ãããè² ã®é åã°ããã«ãªã£ãŠãããšãèããããŸãããã®å Žåãç°çš®ã§æ§æããã人工æåŽã®æ¹ã倩æµãå°ãªãçãæ®ããããç°å¢ã§ããããšã¯æ³åãããããšæããŸãã ã§ã¯ã倩ç¶æå ã«åºèæš¹Aãã»ãšãã©ããªãå Žåã§ã¯ã©ãã§ããããïŒå è¡ç 究ãããšã«ããŠèããã°ãäŸãç°çš®ã§ãã£ãŠããçæ çã«äŒŒãŠããåºèæš¹ãå€ãååžãã倩ç¶æã®æ¹ãã倩æµãéãŸãããããšèããããŸãããã®çµæãåºèæš¹Aã®å®çã¯å€©ç¶æåŽã§æé·ãçåã®æ瞟ãæªåããããšãäºæ³ãããŸãããããŠããã®å¹æã¯åäœã¬ãã«ã®J-Cå¹æã ãã§ã¯èª¬æããããŸãããã€ãŸããåºèæš¹Aã®å®çã«åããŠããJ-Cå¹æã«ã¯ããã1åäœã«åããŠããJ-Cå¹æãšãæçžã¹ã±ãŒã«ã§åããŠããJ-Cå¹æã®äºã€ããããšèããããŸããããã§ãç§ã®ç 究ã§ã¯ããã®æçžã¹ã±ãŒã«ã®J-Cå¹æãçããŠããããšãæ€èšŒããŠãããããšèããŠããŸãããã®ããã«ã¯äžã®ãããªã°ã©ããå¿ èŠã«ãªãã®ã§ã次åããã¯ããã®å 容ã«ã€ããŠã玹ä»ããŠãããŸããã©ããã楜ãã¿ã«ïŒ
ä»æ¥ã®å 容â è±ã®ã玹ä»â¡ææ¥ã®è£å©éäŸåã®åå ä»æ¥ã¯ïŒæãããªã£ãŠäžæ°ã«è±ãå²ããŠããŸãããïŒç¹ã«ä»ãä»ããšåŸ ã£ãŠãããµã¯ã©ã¯ãäžæã«éè±ããŠãã£ãšããéã«æºéã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãã³ã£ããããŸãããæŒãå¯ããæ¥ãæããããŠæ°åããŠããŠãããŸãïŒïŒè±ç²ãããªããã°ïŒãåã®å¥œããªå±±é ç«ã®ä¿³å¥ã«ãçªãããŠãçªãã£ã±ãã®æ¥ããšããå¥ããããŸãããä»å¹Žã®æ¥ã¯ãŸãã«ãããªæãã§ããããããªãµã¯ã©ãã ããµã¯ã©ã¯ããŸãã«ãæåãªã®ã§ãä»æ¥ã¯æ¢ããŠããŸãååã®ããããªãæšã ã®è±ãã玹ä»ããŠãããããšæããŸãããªãã玹ä»ãã暹皮ã¯åæå±±ã®ãã®ã ãã§ãªããéœåã§åž°çããŠããé¢æ±ã®æš¹çš®ãå«ãã§ããŸããïŒïŒã¢ãã©ãã£ã³ãŸããã¢ãã©ãã£ã³ãååããããŠé¢çœã暹皮ã§ããããæ²¹ïŒchianïŒçéïŒååºäœã®çåæ°ŽçŽ ïŒãååã®ç±æ¥ã§ããã®åã®éãæšå šäœã«æ²¹åãå€ãã§ãããã®ããæå®ãæš¹ç®ãçæãæŽé«ªæ²¹ã«äœ¿ãããŠããããã§ããå°ããè±ããã³ãã³å²ããŠããã®ãããããŸãå¯æãããæšã§ããïŒïŒããã°ãç¶ããŠããã°ãïŒã®èŸïŒãå€ã«å®ããªãã°ãç§ã°ãå±ãªã®ã§ããã°ãããã°ããèªäœã¯æ£ã®ããå®ãæããšãã説ãããããã§ããè±ã¯æªã å²ããŠããŸããããèŸã®åœ¢ãé¢çœãã£ãã®ã§çŽ¹ä»ããŸãããã¡ãªã¿ã«å®ã®å³ã¯ããã»ã©çŸå³ãããªãããã§ããïŒïŒã¯ãã·ãã次ã¯ã¯ãã·ãã®è±ïŒéè±åºïŒã挢åã§æžããšãçåæããåæã¯æå®ã®æ§åãçŽåïŒãã§ïŒã«äŒŒãŠãããšãç±æ¥ã ããã§ããè±ã¯å°å³ã§ãããã·ãã®äžã§ã¯äžçªå€§ããªèã£ã±ãä»ããå®ã倧ãããªããŸããããããçãéšåã®ç±æ¥ã§ããæã¯æã®éšåãªã©ã«ãã䜿ãããããã§ãããŸããã·ã€ã¿ã±åæšãèªçæã«ãå©çšããã暹皮ã§ããïŒïŒã¢ã»ããã¡ãã¯åŸ¡éŠŽæã¿ã®ã¢ã»ãã§ãã挢åã§ã銬é æšããšæžãéããæ¯ããã£ãŠã·ã«ãé£ã¹ãªãã®ã§ãæåºã§ããèŠãããæš¹æšã§ãããã®æ¯ãéã«å©çšããŠããã€ãŠã¯ãã€ã¬ãªã©ã«å®ãæããŠæ®ºè«å€ãšããŠå©çšããŠããããšããããŸããå°ããåäœãå€ãã€ã¡ãŒãžã§ããã倧ãããã®ã¯5mãããã«ãªããã°ãã°ãæ²ãã£ãç¬ç¹ã®æš¹åœ¢ã¯èŠãããããããŸããã¢ã»ãã¯è±ã ãã§ãªããæ¥ã®æ°èãèŠãããããããŸããèµ€ãåºãŠããæ°èãã森ã®äžã§æšæŒãæ¥ã济ã³ã姿ã¯ãç¯ãããŠã£ãšç¹ããŠãããããªå æ¯ã§ããïŒïŒãããã¿ãããã¿ã矀çå°ã®å æ¯ãæåãªã®ã§ããåç¥ã®æ¹ãå€ããšæããŸããååã®ç±æ¥ã¯å³ã®åçãèŠãŠãããã°åããéããæãå¿ ãäžåã«åããã暹圢ã§ããå 端ãŸã§ç¶ºéºã«äžåã§åãããŠããŸãããçŽã®åææãšããŠäœ¿ãããŠããããšãæåã§ãæ¥æ¬ã®çŽå¹£ããã®ãããã¿ããåºæ¥ãŠããŸããå ã ã¯äžåœã»ååœå°æ¹ãäžå¿ãšããåœç£ãããã¿ã䜿çšãããŠããŸããããçŸåšã§ã¯çç£è ã®é«éœ¢åã«äŒŽã9å²ããããŒã«ãäžåœç£ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããæåºã«çŸ€çãããšãé»è²ã絚毯ã森ã«åºãããããããªå æ¯ã«ãªãã®ã§ã人æ°ã®èŠ³å å°ãšãªã£ãŠããŸããïŒïŒã³ã¯ãµã®ã³ã¯ãµã®ã¯æŒ¢åã§æžããšãå°èæšããåçã¯ã³ã¯ãµã®ã®éè±ã§ããã³ã¯ãµã®ã¯èã£ã±ã®ä»ãæ¹ãç¬ç¹ã§ãå³å³.å·Šå·Š.å³å³.å·Šå·Š.å³å³.å·Šå·Šãšãã颚ã«ã€ããŠãããŸãããã®ãããªä»ãæ¹ã¯ãä»ã«ãµã«ã¹ããªãã±ã³ããã·ã§èŠãããããã§ãã³ã¯ãµã®åèåºãšåŒã°ããŸããã¯ãµã®ã¯èã£ã±ãæããšèãã®ãåãããŸããããã³ã¯ãµã®ããèãã¯æããŸããã§ãããã¡ãªã¿ã«ã¯ãµã®ã¯ã·ãœç§ãã³ã¯ãµã®ã¯ãã«ã³ç§ã§ãã7ïŒãã¥ãŠã¬ããºããã¥ãŠã¬ããºãã¯æ¥åãšååã«ã€ããŠããŸãããåç£ã¯è¿ç¿åéšããåéžã§ãããã³ãµã¯ç§ããµããºãå±ã§ãå°ããé»è²ãè±ã沢山ã€ããã®ãç¹åŸŽã§ããæãªã©ã«çšéã¯ãªããã ãããã芳è³çšã«æ€ããããŠããŸããïŒïŒãã³ãµã¯åããã³ãµã¯ç§ã®ãã³ãµã¯ãã¿ã³ã¿ãããªè±ãå²ããŸããæ¥å çã£å ã«å²ãã®ã§ãéã«æ¥ãåããè±ãšãããŠããŸãããçã£å ã«å²ãããããã³ãµã¯ãã«ãªã£ããšãã説ãããããã§ããä»ã«äŒŒããããªè±ãããŸãèŠãªãã®ã§ãäžåºŠèŠããšå°è±¡ã«æ®ã圢ã§ããé»è²ãã¿ã³ã空ããéã£ãŠãããããªå æ¯ãåºãããŸãã9ïŒãã±ãã±ã¯æŒ¢åã§æšçãšæžããŠããããããšåŒãã§ããã®ãèšã£ããšãã説ããããŸããæ¢ ãæ¡ã®ããã«äžåœåç£ã®ãã©ç§æ€ç©ã§ãè¯ãããªè±ãå²ãããã®ã§äººæ°ã§ãããå®ã¯æå®é ã«ãå©çšããããããã§ãã10ïŒã«ãã©ã®èã£ã±æåŸã¯ã«ãã©ã®èã£ã±ã§ããä»æ¥ã®ã¿ã€ãã«åçã«ããªã£ãŠããŸããã«ãã©ã¯ããŒãåã®äžžã£ããèã£ã±ãä»ããèœèæš¹ã§ãç§ããã«çãéŠããæŸã€ããšã§æåã§ããæ¥ã«ã¯åçã®ããã«äžžã£ããå°ããªæ°èãããããã€ããŠããŠããããŸãæ¥ããããæããããå æ¯ã§ãã-----------------------------åŠäœã§ããã§ãããããæ¥ã®è±ãšãããšããµã¯ã©ã°ããã«ç®ãè¡ã£ãŠããŸããŸããããã以å€ã«ã綺éºã ã£ããå¯æãã£ããé¢çœãè±ããã¡ãã¡ã§å²ããŠããŸãããŸããã«ãã©ã®æ°ç·ã®ããã«ãè±ä»¥å€ã«ãæ¥ã®èšªããç¥ãããŠããããã®ããããŸããããããã°åæµ·éã®æ¥ã¯ãèœèæš¹ãæ°ç·ãäžæã«ä»ããã®ã§ãè±ãããèã§æ¥ãæããŠããŸãããçããã®åšãã«ããäœãé¢çœãæ¥ãªãã§ã¯ã®å æ¯ããã£ããæ¯éæããŠäžããïŒææ¥ã®è£å©éäŸåã®åå åèïŒãææ¥ã¯ææè ãç ç²ã«ããŠããããå 蟲氎å®åã®ç¬çœãæ¥çµããŠãååããã®ç¶ãã§æ¥æ¬çµæžæ°èã3åã«æž¡ã£ãŠé£èŒããŠãããæ¥æ¬ææ¥ã®èª²é¡ãã®æçµåãèªãã§ããããšæããŸããä»åã®èšäºã§é¢çœãã£ãã®ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®ææ¥ããªãè£å©éã«äŸåããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã£ãã®ãããã®åå ã«ã€ããŠè§ŠããããŠããç¹ã§ãããããŸã§ãããŸããã®éšåã«èšåããŠããæç« ãèªãã ããšãç¡ãã£ãã®ã§ãé¢çœãèªããŸãããæ©éããã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠèŠãŠãããŸããããèšäºã§ã¯è£å©éäŸåã®æ ¹æ¬çãªåå ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ã®æ£®ææ¿çããææ¥ãå²ããããšããåæã®ããšã§ãã森æè³æºã®ä¿è·ãã«éç¹ã眮ãããŠããç¹ã«ãããšèšããŸãããããã«ãé«åºŠçµæžæé·ã«ããæºçãªäœå® éèŠã«æ¯ãããã1980幎代ãŸã§å²ããããšãåœç¶ã ã£ãææ¥ã管çããã®ã«ãç£æ¥çãªåªåãä¿ãæ¹åã§ã¯ãªããéçºãå¶éããããšã®æ¹ãéèŠã§ããã®ã¯ç解ã§ããŸãããããé«åºŠçµæžæé·æãçµããã1980幎以éã«ãªããšãå®ãå質ãªå€æã«æŒããããšåæã«ã建ç¯ææ³ã®å€åãªã©ãçžãŸã£ãŠãåœç£æã®ç£åºé¡ãèœã¡èŸŒã¿å§ããŸããããã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã§ããææ¥ããç£æ¥ãšããŠçºå±ãããæ¹åãžãææ¿ã®èµãåãã¹ãã§ããããããå®éã«ã¯ããããŸã§ã®ã森ææŽåããéèŠããæ¿çãç¶ããããã©ãããããå²ããææ¥ããå¯èœã«ãªããããšããèŠç¹ãæ¬ ããŠããŸããŸããããã®çµæãäžå®ã®å¶éãå®ã森æçµå¶ã«å¯Ÿããè£å©éãæ¯çµŠãããæ§é ã ããæ®ãããšã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ãããã ã森ææŽåã«äž»è»žã眮ãããšã¯æªãããšã§ã¯ãããŸãããäŸãã°ãã森æçµå¶èšç»ãïŒè¡æ¿ã®æ£®æçµå¶èšç»ã«åãã森æææè çã«5幎ããšã«çå®ããããšãæ±ããããïŒã§ã¯ãäŒæ¡éã®äžéãèšå®ãããããšã«ããã森æã®ä¹±éçºãé²ãããšãã§ããŸããããããåžå Žã®æšæéèŠã®å€åã«å¿ããŠå¢ç£ããããšãããšãå¶éãè¶ããããã«è£å©éãæ¯çµŠãããªããªããšããåŒå®³ãçããŸãããã®ãããå€åããåžå Žã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããå®å®ããŠç¢ºå®ã«åŸãããè£å©éã«é Œããããã®äºæãè¿«ãããéã«ãåŸè ãéžã¶æ£®æçµå¶è ãå€ããªããšããäºæ ãçºçããã®ã§ãããããææ¥ã®ç£æ¥ççºå±ã劚ããäžå ã«ãªã£ãŠãããšãããŸããä»åŸã®æéåé¡ã ããã®æ¥æ¬ã®ææ¥ãã§ã¯ãããããã®æ£®æçµå¶ã¯ã©ãããã¹ããªã®ã§ãããããä»åã®ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ã€ãŒã§ããéå寿ææ°ïŒçŸäœååäºé¡§åã§æéåºææ¿éšé·ã蟲ææ°Žç£å¯©è°å®çãæŽä»»ïŒã¯ã森æã®æã€å€æ©èœæ§ã«ç®ãåããã¹ãã ãšäž»åŒµããŠããŸãããã®ç¹ã«ã¯ç§ãåæããŸããçŸåšã森æã䜿ã£ãäž»ãªçµæžçåå ¥æºã¯æšæçç£ãããããŸãããããã森æã¯ããã£ãšå€§ããåºç€ãšãªãéšåã§ãçæ ç³»ãµãŒãã¹ãäŸçµŠã人ã ã®ç掻ãæ¯ããŠããŸããæ°Žæºæ¶µé€ã倧æ°ã®å¹³æºåäœçšãçç©å€æ§æ§ä¿å šæ©èœãªã©ã§ããããããçæ ç³»æ©èœãšããŠã®äŸ¡å€ããéé¡åããããšã§ãææ¥ããšããäœæ¥ã«å€æ§ãªçµæžäŸ¡å€ãèŠåºãããšãåºæ¥ããšç§ã¯èããŠããŸããããããå©çã«ãã£ãŠè£å©éããã倧ããªåçãåºãããšãåºæ¥ãã°ãæšæçç£ã§ãåžå Žã®å€åã«ãã沿ã£ãçµå¶ããããããªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšèããŸãããŸããä»ã®æ©èœãããåå ¥ãåŸãããšã§ãæšæçç£ãšãã®ä»ãµãŒãã¹ãšã®ãã¬ãŒããªããçãŸãããããè£å©éãç¡ããŠã森æä¿å šã®é æ ®ãå¿ èŠã«ãªããŸããå®éãããããææ¥ã®åšãæ¹ãã¹ã€ã¹ã§ã¯å®è·µæ®µéã«ãããšãããŸãã森æ管çãæ ãããšã«ãããªã¹ã¯ãéé¡åããŠããã®äžå©çã被ãäŒæ¥ãèªæ²»äœã«æ瀺ãããããããããšã§ãææ¥ãžã®æè³ãç©æ¥µåãããææ¥ã®çµæžç䟡å€ãé«ããŠããããã§ããæ¥æ¬ã¯çœå®³å€§åœã§ãããããããããã¢ãã«ããèŠç¿ãã¹ãç¹ãå€ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããããä»åã¯ä»¥äžã§ãïŒã©ãã次åãã楜ãã¿ã«ïŒ
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- ... 次ã®ããŒãž